Abstract
Purpose:Several methods have been proposed for postoperative pain management, including administration
of opioid analgesics, epidural analgesia, and perineural and infiltrative techniques;
however, data are lacking on the relationship between pain intensity, patients’ age
and gender, and surgery duration. Design: Prospective, observational, single-center study. Methods: The study included patients greater than or equal to 18 years old who underwent surgery
with different anesthesia types, grouped according to the American Society of Anesthesiologists’
physical status classification score. The McGill Pain Questionnaire was used to assess
postoperative pain intensity. The postoperative pain evaluation was performed in the
first 5 minutes on entering the postanesthesia care unit (PACU), and at 30 minutes
and 24 hours after the operation. Results: Our results showed a significant negative relationship between pain intensity as
assessed at 5 and 30 minutes postoperatively and age. Postoperative pain intensity
at 24 hours was significantly lower after low-risk surgeries lasting up to 1 hour;
pain intensity was also significantly lower at 30 minutes following epidural anesthesia.
When nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were not administered in the PACU, pain
intensity was significantly lower at 5 minutes, 30 minutes, and 3 hours. Conclusions: Postoperative analgesic administration should be conducted in accordance with age
and surgery type. Additionally, epidural anesthesia can reduce the immediate postoperative
pain intensity.
Keywords
To read this article in full you will need to make a payment
Purchase one-time access:
Academic & Personal: 24 hour online accessCorporate R&D Professionals: 24 hour online accessOne-time access price info
- For academic or personal research use, select 'Academic and Personal'
- For corporate R&D use, select 'Corporate R&D Professionals'
Subscribe:
Subscribe to Journal of PeriAnesthesia NursingAlready a print subscriber? Claim online access
Already an online subscriber? Sign in
Register: Create an account
Institutional Access: Sign in to ScienceDirect
References
- Pain Management Handbook.Medical Development Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Malaysia2013 (Available at:) (Accessed January 5, 2021)
- Acute postoperative pain management.Br J Surg. 2020; 107: e70-e80
- Transition from acute to chronic pain after surgery.Pain. 2017; 158: S50-S54
- Predicting factors that determine patients' satisfaction with post-operative pain management following abdominal surgeries at Komfo Anokye Teaching Hospital, Kumasi, Ghana.PLoS One. 2021; 16e0251979
- Revision of expert panel's guidelines on postoperative pain management.Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med. 2019; 38: 405-411https://doi.org/10.1016/j.accpm.2019.02.011
- The magnitude and associated factors of post-operative pain at Debre Tabor compressive specialized hospital, Debre Tabor Ethiopia, 2018.SAGE Open Med. 2021; 9 (20503121211014730Published 2021 May 16)https://doi.org/10.1177/20503121211014730
- The opioid epidemic: crisis and solutions.Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol. 2018; 58: 143-159https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010617-052534
- Adult sedation and analgesia in a resource limited intensive care unit - a systematic review and evidence based guideline.Ann Med Surg (Lond). 2021; 66102356
- Postoperative pain management in total knee arthroplasty.Orthop Surg. 2019; 11: 755-761
- The routes of administration for acute postoperative pain medication.Pain Ther. 2021; 10: 909-925
- Acute Pain Management.Cambridge University Press, Cambridge2019 (Available at:) (Accessed January 8, 2021)
- Pain perception assessment using the short-form McGill pain questionnaire after cardiac surgery.Saudi J Anaesth. 2020; 14: 343-348
- 2014 ESC/ESA Guidelines on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management: the Joint Task Force on non-cardiac surgery: cardiovascular assessment and management of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC) and the European Society of Anaesthesiology (ESA).Eur Heart J. 2014; 35: 2383-2431https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehu282
- Factors affecting mortality in elderly patients hospitalized for nonmalignant reasons.J Aging Res. 2014; 2014584315
- The perioperative care of older patients.Dtsch Arztebl Int. 2019; 116: 63-69
- From patient-controlled analgesia to artificial intelligence-assisted patient-controlled analgesia: Practices and perspectives.Front Med (Lausanne). 2020; 7: 145
- Mini-craniotomy under local anesthesia for chronic subdural hematoma: an effective choice for elderly patients and for patients in a resource-strained environment.World Neurosurg. 2017; 106: 676-679
- Age-related changes in pain perception are associated with altered functional connectivity during resting state.Front Aging Neurosci. 2020; 12: 116
- Modification of descending analgesia in aging: critical role of the prefrontal cortex.Clin J Pain. 2019; 35: 23-30
- The association between analgesia gap and type of surgery, analgesic drugs, and timing of analgesic administration: what do we know?.Anesth Pain Med. 2019; 9: e91756
- Postoperative pain management in the postanesthesia care unit: an update.J Pain Res. 2017; 10: 2687-2698
- Age and preoperative pain are major confounders for sex differences in postoperative pain outcome: a prospective database analysis.PLoS One. 2017; 12 (Available at:)e0178659https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0178659Date accessed: December 28, 2021
- Non-pharmacological methods and post-operative pain relief: an observational study.Anesth Pain Med. 2019; 9: e84674
Article info
Publication history
Published online: September 23, 2022
Publication stage
In Press Corrected ProofFootnotes
Conflict of interest: The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.
Identification
Copyright
© 2022 American Society of PeriAnesthesia Nurses. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.